Sun Exposure: Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun stimulate the production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Overexposure can lead to sunspots or age spots, particularly on areas frequently exposed to the sun.
Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, especially during pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives, can lead to melasma, which is characterized by dark, blotchy spots on the face.
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH): This occurs after an inflammatory skin condition such as acne, eczema, or psoriasis. The skin produces excess melanin in response to the inflammation, leading to dark spots.
Aging: As the skin ages, the number of melanocytes (melanin-producing cells) decreases but increases in size and distribution, leading to age spots.
Skin Injuries: Cuts, burns, and other skin injuries can lead to hyperpigmentation as the skin heals. The increased melanin production is the body's response to the injury.
Medications: Certain medications, such as some antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and anti-seizure medications, can cause dark spots as a side effect.
Genetic Factors: A predisposition to develop dark spots can be inherited. Some people are more prone to hyperpigmentation due to their genetic makeup.
Cosmetic Products: Some cosmetics or skincare products can irritate the skin or make it more sensitive to sunlight, leading to hyperpigmentation.
Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, poor diet, and lack of sleep can affect skin health and contribute to the development of dark spots. These factors can cause oxidative stress and damage to the skin, leading to uneven pigmentation.